Signaling pathways linked to serotonin-induced superoxide anion production: A physiological role for mitochondria in pulmonary arteries

Abstract

Serotonin (5-HT) is a potent vasoconstrictor agonist and contributes to several vascular diseases including systemic or pulmonary hypertension and atherosclerosis. Although superoxide anion (O2-•) is commonly associated to cellular damages due to O2-• overproduction, we previously demonstrated that, in physiological conditions, O2-• also participates to the 5-HT contraction in intrapulmonary arteries (IPA). Here, we focused on the signaling pathways leading to O2-• production in response to 5-HT in rat IPA. Using electron paramagnetic resonance on rat IPA, we showed that 5-HT (100 μM)-induced O2• production was inhibited by ketanserin (1 μM-an inhibitor of the 5-HT2 receptor), absence of extracellular calcium, two blockers of voltage-independent calcium permeable channels (RHC80267 50 μM and LOE-908 10 μM) and a blocker of the mitochondrial complex I (rotenone-100 nM). Depletion of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum or nicardipine (1 μM-an inhibitor of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel) had no effect on the 5-HT-induced O2-• production. O2-• levels were also increased by α-methyl-5-HT (10 μM-a 5-HT2 receptors agonist) whereas GR127935 (1 μM-an antagonist of the 5-HT1B/D receptor) and citalopram (1 μM-a 5-HT transporter inhibitor) had no effect on the 5-HT-induced O2-• production. Peroxynitrites were increased in response to 5-HT (100 μM). In isolated pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells loaded with rhod-2 or mitosox probes, we respectively showed that 5-HT increased both mitochondrial calcium and O2-• levels, which were both abrogated in absence of extracellular calcium. Mitochondrial O2-• levels were also abolished in the presence of rotenone (100 nM). In pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells loaded with TMRM, we showed that 5-HT transiently depolarized the mitochondrial membrane whereas in the absence of extracellular calcium the mitochondrial membrane depolarisation was delayed and sustained in response to 5-HT. 5-HT decreased the mitochondrial respiratory rate measured with a Clark oxygen electrode. Altogether, in physiological conditions, 5-HT acts on 5-HT2 receptors and induces an O2-• production dependent on extracellular calcium and mitochondria.