The transition to agricultural cultivation of neo-crops may fail to account for wild genetic diversity patterns: Insights from the Cape Floristic Region

Abstract

Aim. The global increase in the cultivation of native wild plants has raised concerns regarding potential risks associated with translocating genetic lineages beyond their natural range. This study aimed to investigate whether agricultural cultivation of neo- crops (a) accounts for the levels of genetic diversity present in wild populations, and whether (b) cultivated populations are genetically divergent from wild populations and thus pose a potential threat to wild genetic diversity. Location. The Cape Floristic Region (CFR), located along the southern Cape of South Africa. Methods. High Resolution Melt analysis (HRM) coupled with Sanger sequencing was used to screen three non-coding chloroplast DNA loci in Cyclopia Vent. (Fabaceae), a CFR endemic neo-crop cultivated for the production of a herbal infusion referred to as Honeybush tea. Wild and cultivated populations for three of three widely cultivated Honeybush species (C. intermedia, C. longifolia, and C. subternata) were screened. Genetic diversity and differentiation were measured and compared between wild and cultivated groups. Results. Across all asseccions, a total of 17 haplotypes were detected, four of which were shared between wild and cultivated populations, while the remaining 13 were only detected in wild populations. Genetic diversity and differentiation was significantly higher in wild populations than in cultivated populations. Conclusions. If no guidelines exist to facilitate the introduction of native wild plant taxa to a cultivated setting, wild genetic diversity patterns are likely to be compromised by cultivated populations. In the case presented here, cultivation represents a genetic bottleneck, failing to account for rare haplotypes, and may have disrupted species boundaries by initiating interspecific hybridization. More empirical work is required to evaluate the extent to which neo-crop cultivation poses a risk to wild genetic resources in the CFR and globally.