Sugary drinks, artificially sweetened beverages and cardiovascular disease in NutriNet-Santé cohort

Abstract

Introduction Sugary drinks consumption has increased worldwide in recent years and evidence demonstrating their detrimental impact on cardio-metabolic health is accumulating. Artificially sweetened beverages (ASB) are marketed as a healthier alternative, but their cardio-metabolic impact is being debated in the scientific community. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between the consumption of ASB, sugary drinks and the risk of first incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a large prospective cohort. Methods The French NutriNet-Santé cohort was launched in 2009. Every 6 months participants are asked to fill 3 validated web-based 24-hour dietary records. All major health events reported by participants were validated based on their medical records by a committee of physicians. Data were also linked to national health insurance system and to the French national cause of specific mortality registry. For each type of beverage, 3 categories were defined as follows: non-consumers, low consumers and high consumers (separated by sex-specific median among consumers). Multi-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models with age as the primary time scale were performed. Results A total of 104,761 participants were included. During follow-up (2009-2019), 1,379 first incident cases of CVD occurred. Compared to non-consumers, higher consumers of sugary drinks had a higher risk of overall CVD (HR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.40, Ptrend=0.009). Higher consumers of ASB had also a significantly higher risk of CVD (HR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.71, Ptrend =0.04). Conclusions Both sugary drinks and ASB were similarly associated with CVD risk. The health effects of non-nutritive sweeteners is currently being debated based on contrasted epidemiological results. Mechanistic data suggests metabolic effects through gut microbiota perturbation and body weight gain. To imply a causal link, they need replication in other large-scale prospective cohort as well as further mechanistic investigations. Key messages Higher consumption of sugary drinks and ASB was associated with higher risk of CVD, suggesting that ASB might not be a healthy substitute for sugary drinks when considering cardiovascular health. These data provide additional arguments to feed the current debate on taxes, labeling and regulation of sugary and artificially sweetened beverages.