Pathogen-specific risk factors and protective factors for acute diarrheal illness in children aged 12-59 months in São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract

Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Latin America. Most studies have focused on infants but not on older children. We enrolled 505 children (age, 12-59 months) with diarrhea and age-matched controls in a case-control study in São Paulo, Brazil. Independent risk factors for diarrhea included another household member with diarrhea (matched odds ratio [mOR], 8.1; attributable fraction [AF], 0.17; P < .001) and consumption of homemade juice (mOR, 1.8; AF, 0.10; P = .01); protective factors included boiling of the baby bottle or nipple (mOR, 0.60; AF, 0.19; P = .026), childcare at home (mOR, 0.58; AF, 0.12; P = .004), and piped sewage (mOR, 0.58; AF, 0.05; P = .047). Hand washing by the caretaker after helping the child defecate protected against Shigella infection (mOR, 0.35; P < .05). Preparation of rice, beans, or soup in the morning and serving it to children after noon were associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection (mOR, 8.0;