Sustainable adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye using individual and combined ratios of Trigonella foenum-graecum (F) seed galactomannan and Linum usitatissimum (L) seed

Abstract

This study explores the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution using different forms of fenugreek galac-tomannan and linseed (both individually and in combination) as an adsorbent. Characterization study of adsorbents reveal the involvement of carboxyl, hydroxyl and amine groups in MB adsorption taking place on the amorphous and porous surface of the adsorbent. BET surface area of the adsorbent (FþL) was found to be 394 m2/g. Different parameters including pH, adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration, adsorption time and temperature were studied. Results of the study shows 86.62, 86.94, 88.04, 88.24, 88.56 and 89.09% of MB dye adsorption with F, L, F þ L (1:1), F þ L (1:2), F þ L (2:1) and F þ L (2:2) under optimized conditions. Maximum adsorption take place at pH 12, i.e., highly basic medium. Isothermal study shows the fitness of the experimental data to Langmuir isotherm model. Kinetic modeling shows that both physical and chemical interactions are involved in dye adsorption. Further, thermodynamic study confirms the spontaneity, endothermicity and feasibility of the pro-cess. Overall, current research involves the use of low-cost raw material for MB dye removal that aids in waste management and in promoting sustainability.