Calcite precipitation forms crystal clusters and muscle mineralization during the decomposition of cambarellus diminutus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in freshwater

Abstract

The fossilization of soft tissues is generally the replacement of organic structures by pseudomorphs in which muscle tissue is mostly replaced by minerals (i.e., phos-phate, carbonate or pyrite). Micro-CT observations of decomposing crayfish in tank and distilled water, show a precipitation of crystal clusters over time. In addition, a min-eralized muscle was found by SEM analyses. Raman spectroscopy (CRS) revealed that crystal clusters and the muscle consist of well-ordered calcite. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) of the distilled water showed a calcium content below the detection limit at the beginning of the experiments, which indicates that most of the calcium ions needed for the precipitation were provided by the decomposing car-casses themselves. Volume measurements of 3D-reconstructed calcite clusters and gastroliths showed a general increase of the volume of calcite clusters and simultane-ously volume reduction of gastroliths with progressive decay. Specimens that were in the postmoult phase showed a smaller total volume of precipitated calcite, compared to specimens, which were in the intermoult or premoult phase. In addition, measurements of the total amount of body calcium of Cambarellus diminutus by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) revealed a higher amount of calcium in individuals without gastroliths than in individuals with gastroliths. It is assumed, that the higher the body size, the higher the volume of precipitated calcite, if the individuals were in the inter-moult phase at the time of death. If the individuals were in the postmoult or premoult phase, the phase itself seems to be important.