Chronic pain treatment in children and adolescents: Less is good, more is sometimes better

Abstract

Background: In children with chronic pain, interdisciplinary outpatient and intensive inpatient treatment has beenshown to improve pain intensity and disability. However, there are few systematic comparisons of outcomes of thetwo treatments. The present naturalistic study aimed to compare the clinical presentation and achieved changes atreturn in three outcome domains (pain intensity, disability, school absence) between a) outpatients vs. inpatientsand b) patients who declined intensive inpatient treatment and completed outpatient treatment instead (decliners)vs. those who completed inpatient treatment (completers).Methods: The study compared treatment outcomes between n = 992 outpatients vs. n = 320 inpatients (Analysis A)who were treated at a tertiary treatment centre and returned for a return visit within a one-year interval. In Analysis B,treatment outcomes were compared between n = 67 decliners vs. n = 309 completers of inpatient treatment. The threeoutcome domains were compared by calculating standardized change scores and clinically significant changes. Results: In analysis A, outpatients and inpatients reported comparably low levels of pain intensity (NRS 0-10; mean = 4,SD = 2.7) and disability (Paediatric Pain Disability Index (PPDI: 12-60; mean = 24; SD = 10) at the return visit. Compared tooutpatients, more inpatients achieved clinically significant changes in pain intensity (52% vs. 45%) and disability (46% vs.31%). There were also significantly greater changes in disability in the inpatient group (change score outpatients =1.0;change score inpatients =1.4; F(1,1138) = 12.6, p=.011). School absence was substantially reduced, with approximately 80% ineach group attending school regularly. Analysis B showed that even though inpatient decliners achieved improvementsin the outcome domains, they reported greater disability at the return visit (PPDI mean decliners =27, SD=9.9; PPDI meancompleters = 24, SD = 10) because they had achieved fewer changes in disability (change score decliners = 0.9; change scorecompleters =1.4; F(1.334)=5.7, p= .017). In addition, less decliners than completers achieved clinically significant changes indisability (25% vs. 47%).Conclusions: Inpatient and outpatient treatments are able to elicit substantial changes in pain intensity, disability andschool absence. The results highlight the necessity of intensive inpatient pain treatment for highly affected children, aschildren who declined inpatient treatment and were treated as outpatients did less well.