The fishes are non-amniotes, which have evolved a wide variety of modifications for successful viviparity (Amoroso 1960; Hogarth 1976; Wourms 1981; Mossman 1987). The most widely used system is an increased secretion of nutrients into the ovarian or uterine cavity and absorption via the fetal gut or skin surface, but a number of genera have produced specialized structures, both embryonic and extraembryonic, some of which closely parallel amniote placentas.
CITATION STYLE
Wooding, P., & Burton, G. (2008). Fish, Amphibian, Bird and Reptile Placentation. In Comparative Placentation (pp. 83–97). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78797-6_3
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