Biofilm-mediated diseases of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT)

Abstract

Biofilms play an important role in many chronic infectious diseases of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT), including rhino-sinusitis, otitis media with effusion, cholesteatoma, and chronic adenotonsillitis, as well as infections associated with implants and prostheses. As a consequence of an increased use of implants and prostheses in ENT patients, there has been an increased incidence of infections and associated biofilms. Common strategies behind the treatment of biofilms include antimicrobial neutralization, the dispersion of existing biofilms, and the disruption of quorum sensing. Prevention is the most efficient way of combating biofilms, achieved by aseptic precaution, ultraclean operating theaters, sterilization of surgical instruments and implants, and the use of prophylactic antibiotics and antibiotic-coated implants. There is still a significant lack of knowledge about the stages of biofilm formation, making its management more challenging. Ear, nose, and throat surgeons need to understand the role of biofilms and be aware of methods of treatment and prevention.