Single-Crystal Investigation, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, and DFT Study of Third-Order NLO Properties of Unsymmetrical Acyl Thiourea Derivatives

Abstract

In the current research work, unsymmetrical acyl thiourea derivatives, 4-((3-benzoylthioureido)methyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (BTCC) and methyl 2-(3-benzoylthioureido)benzoate (MBTB), have been synthesized efficiently. The structures of these crystalline thioureas were unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal diffractional analysis. The crystallographic investigation showed that the molecular configuration of both compounds is stabilized by intramolecular N-H⋯O bonding. The crystal packing of BTCC is stabilized by strong N-H⋯O bonding and comparatively weak O-H⋯S, C-H⋯O, C-H⋯π, and C-O⋯πinteractions, whereas strong N-H⋯O bonding and comparatively weak C-H⋯O, C-H⋯S, and C-H⋯πinteractions are responsible for the crystal packing of MBTB. The noncovalent interactions that are responsible for the crystal packing are explored by the Hirshfeld surface analysis for both compounds. The void analysis is performed to find the quantitative strength of crystal packing in both compounds. Additionally, state-of-the-art applied quantum chemical techniques are used to further explore the structure-property relationship in the above-entitled molecules. The optimization of molecular geometries showed a reasonably good correlation with their respective experimental structures. Third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) polarizability calculations were performed to see the advanced functional application of entitled compounds as efficient NLO materials. The average static γamplitudes are found to be 27.30 × 10-36 and 102.91 × 10-36 esu for the compounds BTCC and MBTB, respectively. The γamplitude of MBTB is calculated to be 3.77 times larger, which is probably due to better charge-transfer characteristics in MBTB. The quantum chemical analysis in the form of 3-D plots was also performed for their frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potentials for understanding charge-transfer characteristics. We believe that the current investigation will not only report the new BTCC and MBTB compounds but also evoke the interest of the materials science community in their potential use in NLO applications.