Palladium occupational exposure

Abstract

This chapter deals with an occupational hygiene perspective of palladium (Pd). Pd exhibits unique properties that have given this element more and more anthropogenic use. Pd will consequently occur in several work environments and may cause undesired and possibly hazardous occupational exposure to many groups of workers. Pd is a silvery white metal with atomic number 46 and atomic weight 106. Pd belongs to group VIII, the platinum (Pt) group elements (PGE) in the periodic system. The PGE group is divided into two subgroups, light and "heavy" elements. Pd belongs to the light PGE subgroup. Pd is relatively inert in its elemental state and is more plastic than Pt. All elements in PGE group including Pd, are widely distributed but still rare in the earth crust (Hagg, 1963). Of the PGE group elements, primarily Pd, together with Pt and ruthenium (Rh), have gained significant anthropogenic use (Hagg, 1963). There are four major categories of sources for occupational exposure: mining, refining, processing and product use. Pd can therefore be expected to be present in many different work environments. Undesired exposure with negative health effects may, consequently, occur. There is, however, very limited information on methods used for monitoring of occupational exposure to Pd as well as studies to assess such exposure.