Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrates: effectiveness in the reversal of anticoagulation

Abstract

Abstract: Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) continue to be the most commonly prescribed class of oral anticoagulants worldwide for the treatment and prevention of venous or arterial thromboembolic events (TEEs). While VKAs are effective at reducing the incidence of TEEs, the risk of major bleeding remains significant. In patients taking VKAs and presenting with clinically significant bleeding or undergoing an emergent procedure, a rapid, effective, and safe reversal agent is required. Available options for the reversal of VKAs include plasma, vitamin K, 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (3F-PCC), or 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC). Herein, we review the growing evidence that supports using 4F-PCC over both plasma and 3F-PCC for emergent VKA reversal. We also discuss the various dosing options and safety profile of 4F-PCC. In addition, we summarize the limited data available for 4F-PCC in reversing the effects of direct oral anticoagulants and the management of other coagulopathic bleeding. Keywords: anticoagulants, prothrombin complex concentrate, vitamin k antagonist, warfarin