3D Printing Technology in the Construction Industry

Abstract

The demand for cost-effective solutions led to the development of 3D printing technology in the construction industry, as a possible constructive solution in the scope of the so-called Industry 4.0. It has been shown to be feasible in several areas, due to its low cost, speed, geometric freedom and being an environmentally friendly solution, mainly due to the possibility of using raw materials of endogenous origin, biodegradable or even to the reuse of waste. This technology is generally composed of one or more printheads, supported by a rail-guided crane. Another widely used strand is the robotic arms (extendable or not). In both, the end of the printhead is composed of an injector through which the mortar is forced to pass, using pumps. Bridges, shelters for soldiers, homes for disadvantaged people, or even destroyed by natural disasters, as well as the rehabilitation of buildings, are some examples of what has already been done, using 3D printing. This paper gives an overview of the applications of this type of technology, as also the possibilities, as for example dimensional, shape, building time, finishing and material characteristics. Printing technology, types of equipment, variants, design, alternative energy supply are presented. Examples are given about equipment that have been developed and tested for initial testing, demonstration and commercial implementation, and that may be used in the future. The advantages and future possibilities of 3D printing in construction are also discussed. It is an emerging technology with a great potential for evolution, namely in terms of materials for printing, size and finishing, or even in terms of simultaneous printing of mortar and insulation materials. However, it is currently limited for the lack of legislation and certification.