Mercury in soil and forage plants from artisanal and small-scale gold mining in the bombana area, Indonesia

Abstract

Mercury (Hg) contamination in soil and forage plants is toxic to ecosystems, and artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is the main source of such pollution in the Bombana area of Indonesia. Hg contamination in soil and forage plants was investigated by particle-induced X-ray emission analysis of samples collected from three savannah areas (i.e., ASGM, commercial mining, and control areas) in the Bombana area. Hg contents of forage plants in the ASGM area (mean 9.90 14 μg/g) exceeded those in the control area (2.70 ± 14 μg/g). Soil Hg contents (mean 390 860 μg/g) were also higher than those in the control area (mean 7.40 9.90 μg/g), with levels exceeding international regulatory limits. The Hg contents of 69% of soil and 78% of forage-plant samples exceeded critical toxicological limits. Thus, the Hg levels observed in this study indicate that contamination extending over large areas may cause major environmental problems.