Economical, Clinical, and Humanistic Outcomes and Pharmaceutical Care

Abstract

This chapter outlines the Economical, Clinical, and Humanistic Outcomes (ECHO) model as a framework for the multidimensional classification of outcomes. Moving on from the traditional disease-oriented model, the ECHO model ensures that economic and humanistic measures are evaluated, as well as clinical variables. Consideration of all three outcome types is important when evaluating pharmaceutical care interventions through well-designed, rigorous trials.