Does counting to ten increase or decrease aggression? The role of state self-control (ego-depletion) and consequences

Abstract

In this investigation, we experimentally test the interaction of ego-depletion (low state self-control), consequences, and decision-making time on aggressive responses to an insult from a confederate. The results indicate that ego-depleted participants respond more quickly and aggressively to an insult from a confederate. However, when a 30- second decision-making delay is imposed, ego-depleted participants reduce their aggression, but only if there are external consequences to being aggressive. In the absence of such consequences, ego-depleted participants become more aggressive following a delay. Additionally, if a distracting cognitive load disrupts the 30- second delay, aggression levels do not change significantly, even if there are consequences. These results suggest people respond to aggressive triggers more impulsively when ego-depleted.