Issues for the direct representation of history

Abstract

We propose that representations for structured models of human and social history need to go beyond traditional ontologies to the combination of rich semantic ontologies with programming languages. We base our approach on the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and then consider how to extend it beyond traditional approaches to ontology with higher-level structures. For instance, we propose the need for composite entities that allow transitions in the configuration of component entities. We then explore the relationship of these composite entities to notion of systems and consider how they may provide a definition of “causal unity” and be related to models of social systems. We identify some challenges in defining the nature of social entities. Finally, we introduce structured applied epistemology as a framework for managing historical evidence, analysis, and argumentation.