Appendix A: Safety Considerations in LIBS

Abstract

The components used in a LIBS measurement system are typically commercially designed and are generally safe if used properly. The laboratory represents a controlled environment in which experimental conditions can be controlled and safety measures more easily implemented than in the field. Because LIBS is being deployed in the field, under conditions and in locations and with materials that cannot be anticipated here, each situation must be evaluated by those involved in the experiment or application. During the many years we have worked with LIBS, the working environments have ranged from a coal gasification system, the Mojave Desert in summer with 109 F temperatures in the shade, Yucca Mountain in tunneling operations, to a steel-making operation. Each location and LIBS measurement had unique safety requirements. To adequately take into account these operating hazards, it is recommended that a safety plan, standard operating procedure, or hazard control plan be prepared that is reviewed by personnel trained in each of the hazards associated with the operation. Examples include, for example, the laser safety officer, the occupational health professional, and the industrial safety officer. Often it will be advisable that any operations involving chemicals be reviewed by a chemist who may point out hazards not foreseen by the other professionals. Here we present a brief overview of some more common safety-related issues that must be considered and in many cases addressed (Table A.1). The comments in this Appendix are not a definitive list of all possible safety hazards, nor methods of avoiding them. It is the responsibility of the investigators and their management to determine the hazards and the approved methods of controlling them. Commercial laser systems are well developed, reliable, and safe instruments that must meet certain government regulations. The voltages and currents used in many lasers are hazardous and potentially lethal. Personnel are protected from high voltages and electric Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Second Edition. David A. Cremers and Leon J. Radziemski.