The Global Positioning System (GPSGlobal Positioning System (GPS)) became available as a civilian geodetic survey technology in the early 1980s. It has since revolutionized not only geodesy, but surveying operations as well. Global Navigation Systems (GNSSglobal navigation satellite system (GNSS)s) are today a fundamental tool for the land, engineering, and hydrographic surveyor. The majority of GNSS survey tasks relate to the determination of high-accuracy coordinates in a well-defined reference frame, typically using differential GNSS positioning techniques based on the analysis of carrier-phase measurements. Carrier-phase-based positioning is capable of distinct levels of accuracy – submeter, few decimeters, centimeter, and even subcentimeter – through a combination of special instrumentation, sophisticated software, and unique field operations. The evolution of GNSS from a geodetic surveying technology to a versatile surveying tool has seen precise positioning implemented in real-time, using ever shorter spans of measurements, and even when the user receiver is in motion. Furthermore, new techniques based on precise single-point positioning, as well as wide-area reference receiver networks, are starting to find wider use.
CITATION STYLE
Rizos, C. (2017). Surveying. In Springer Handbooks (pp. 1011–1037). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_35
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