Allergènes en chirurgie bucco-dentaire

Abstract

Allergens in dentistery. In dentistry, the dentist, the staff and the patients are increasingly confronted with the phenomenon of allergy and intolerance. These are common and their prevalence tends to increase because such diversity and multiplication of allergenic products that are handled. The allergens involved are unfortunately poorly documented. Among these allergens, latex is the most frequently reported in the literature and can cause allergic reactions with a prevalence ranging from 2.8% to 16.9% among health professionals. It would be responsible for skin and respiratory allergies increasingly common. It has become a concern for allergists hence the interest in defining allergens, triggering factors, pathogenicity and its different clinical expressions. Denture materials handled by the dentist and dental technician, especially acrylic and some impression materials, and metals (nickel, cobalt, chromium, gold) have also been incriminate in the occurrence of allergic reactions. Titanium, metal with biocompatible properties, has been studied extensively in recent years, showing its role in causing allergic reactions in some patients. Rarely, antiseptics used preoperatively as well as some disinfectants have been reported as being responsible for intolerance or contact sensitization. Finally, local anesthetics were often wrongly referred to as allergens. Allergic reactions can be trivial to type of mucosal erythema in patients, type of urticaria or eczema in the practitioner and his staff but may have other clinical forms such as angioedema for latex or unexplained implant failures. The difficulty lies in establishing the etiologic diagnosis in the occurrence of allergic accidents. The medical history has its importance and the close collaboration between the dentist and the allergist to identify patients at risk but also to implement all the means of prevention. © SFMBCB 2012.