Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors: Is a Noncanonical Substrate the Key Target?

Abstract

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), such as CDK4 and CDK6, phosphorylate RB1 to release the transcription factor E2F and drive the transition from G1 to S-phase of the cell cycle. Inhibitors of these kinases thereby block cell-cycle progression and presumably exert their therapeutic effect. While this mechanism is straight forward, several aspects have seemed problematic, not the least of which is that these drugs seem to have therapeutic effects on a relatively small number of human cancers. Tong and colleagues took an open-ended approach to this mechanistic question, and their results raise the possibility that inhibition of phosphorylation of the transcription factor p73 is a key mechanism of action of these drugs. They show that p73 inhibition and the resultant upregulation of the cell surface receptor DR5 are necessary for the anticancer effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors, including enhancement of immune-mediated cell killing, and that therapeutic benefit relies largely on their use in conjunction with other agents. While many questions remain to be answered, these findings demonstrate the importance of keeping an open mind to mechanistic aspects of therapeutic agents already in clinical use and highlight how rigorous mechanistic studies can answer both basic and translational questions.