Andrographolides as Antiviral Agents: Insights into Mechanisms, Modifications, and Delivery Innovations

Abstract

Viral infection remains a pressing global health challenge, underscoring the need for novel antiviral interventions. Recently, the potential of andrographolides as potent antiviral agents against major viral infections has garnered substantial attention. This comprehensive review highlights their antiviral activities, focusing on their inhibitory mechanisms and their effects on viral replication. This article also examines their semi-synthetic modifications, novel delivery systems, pharmacokinetic properties, and safety profiles. This review encompasses a wide range of viral infections, including influenza, HIV, HBV, HSV, etc. Key findings revealed the ability of andrographolides to impede viral entry, replication, and release, offering promising avenues for therapeutic intervention. Semi-synthetic modifications enhance antiviral efficacy and broaden the spectrum of action. Innovative delivery systems such as microspheres, liposomes, niosomes, and nanoparticles enhance bioavailability and target-specific delivery. Despite these efforts, research gaps persist, emphasizing the need for clinical validation, optimal dosing, and thorough safety assessment. Interdisciplinary efforts in molecular biology, pharmaceutical innovation, and clinical investigations will shape the future landscape of andrographolides as potent antiviral agents, bolstering global efforts against viral infections.