Markers of renal fibrosis: How do they correlate with podocyte damage in glomerular diseases?

Abstract

Background Renal fibrosis is the result of the interaction of cellular and molecular pathways, which is induced by sustained glomerular injury and involves the podocytes and multiple profibrotic factors. In this study, we investigated the correlation of the mRNA expression of podocyte proteins and profibrotic factors with renal fibrosis measured in renal biopsies of patients with primary and secondary glomerulopathies. Methods Eighty-four adult patients with primary or secondary glomerular diseases and 12 controls were included. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Seventy-two percent of the renal biopsies were done less than one year from clinical disease manifestation. The quantification of the podocyte-associated mRNAs of alpha-actinin-4, podocin, and podocalyxin, as well as of the profibrotic factors TGF-β1, CTGF, and VEGF-A were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The percent positive area of renal fibrosis was measured by immunohistochemistry staining, using anti-CTGF and anti-HHF35 antibodies and unpolarized Sirius Red. Correlations between the expression of tissue mRNAs and the positive area of fibrosis for the measured markers were made by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results In relation to control biopsies, podocyte-specific proteins were downregulated in podocytopathies, in proliferative nephritis, in diabetic kidney disease (DRD), and in IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Messenger RNA of TGF-β1, CTGF, and VEGF-A was upregulated in patients with podocytopathies and in DRD but not in proliferative nephritis and IgAN. Tissue mRNA expression of TGF-β1, CTGF, and VEGF-A were strongly correlated with renal fibrosis, as measured by HHF35; however, the correlation, albeit significant, was moderate for Sirius Red and weak for CTGF. The percent positive area of renal fibrosis measured by Sirius Red was similar between podocytopathies and DRD and significantly higher in podocytopathies compared to IgAN or proliferative nephritis. Conclusions In patients with glomerular diseases, the mRNA of TGF-β1, CTGF, and VEGF-A correlated positively with the extent of renal fibrosis, and the positive area of fibrosis was larger in the podocytopathies and in DRD as measured by Sirius Red. The pathways connecting podocyte damage and activation of profibrotic factors to kidney tissue fibrosis need to be better investigated.