Direct Benzene Hydroxylation with Dioxygen Induced by Copper Complexes: Uncovering the Active Species by DFT Calculations

Abstract

The direct oxidation of benzene into phenol using molecular oxygen at very mild temperatures can be promoted in the presence of the copper complex TpBr3Cu(NCMe) in the homogeneous phase in the presence of ascorbic acid as the source of protons and electrons. The stoichiometric nature, relative to copper, of this transformation prompted a thorough DFT study in order to understand the reaction pathway. As a result, the dinuclear species TpBr3CuII(μ-O•)(μ-OH)CuIITpBr3is proposed as the relevant structure which is responsible for activating the arene C-H bond leading to phenol formation.