Advanced oxidation processes for pharmaceutical degradation and disinfection of wastewater: peracetic acid and graphene oxide quantum dots

Abstract

A combination of graphene oxide quantum dots and peracetic acid (GQDs/PAA) was used to degrade sulfasalazine in municipal wastewater. The impact of reaction parameters such as initial concentrations of oxidant (peracetic acid) and drug (sulfasalazine) and different water matrices was evaluated. The degradation efficiency when using GQDs/PAA (50 mg/L: 0.10 mM) was almost 100% in synthetic water and 80% in municipal wastewater. The primary reactive radicals that caused the degradation of sulfasalazine in wastewater were identified as hydroxy (·OH) as well as the peroxy radicals (CH3C(=O)OO·, CH3C(=O)O·). 83.7% of total organic carbon were eliminated when 0.15 mM PAA was used while nearly 100% degradation of SZZ was achieved. A degradation pathway was proposed using the degradation intermediates obtained on quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The genotoxic and mutagenic potential of the degradation products formed during the degradation of sulfasalazine was assessed using the Ames test. It was demonstrated that none of the intermediates were mutagenic. GQDs/PAA was further tested as a potential disinfectant, and S. aureus was completely inactivated as verified by using LIVE/DEAD Baclight staining. In raw municipal wastewater, GQDs/PAA eliminated more than 90% of bacteria, thus confirming the synergy of GQDs/PAA as both a disinfectant and a photocatalyst.