Two-step phantom relaxation of out-of-time-ordered correlations in random circuits

Abstract

We study out-of-time-ordered correlation (OTOC) functions in various random quantum circuits and show that the average dynamics is governed by a Markovian propagator. This is then used to study relaxation of OTOC to its long-time average value in circuits with random single-qubit unitaries, finding that relaxation in general proceeds in two steps: In the first phase that lasts upto an extensively long time the relaxation rate is given by a phantom eigenvalue of a nonsymmetric propagator, whereas in the second phase the rate is determined by the true 2nd largest propagator eigenvalue. We also obtain exact OTOC dynamics on the lightcone and an expression for the average OTOC in finite random circuits with random two-qubit gates.