NIBS 2020: How TMS and tDCS Acquisitions Have Set New Standards in Clinical Neuroscience

Abstract

Twenty years ago, few scientists and clinicians could have imagined such a massive development in noninvasive brain stimulation-otherwise known as “NIBS”-as an innovative tool for neurophysiologic research, psychological and cognitive investigation, and, ultimately, clinical treatment of a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions. In fact, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), the main NIBS techniques, have become the mainstay of translational neuroscience as research tools for understanding cognitive and behavioral states and their efficacy has been acknowledged within guideline-recommended algorithms for the treatment of different neurological conditions and psychiatric disorders.