Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as phosphate fertilizer for crop plants and their role in bioremediation of heavy metals

Abstract

Endophytic fungi are universally present in plants. These fungi form a symbiotic association and help the plants in different ways. These fungi also help in protection against insect attack and herbivory. Many root-associated fungi form an endophytic symbiotic association which assists in providing phosphorus, other nutrients, and water balance. The members of Glomerales colonize cortex of roots and help in better plant growth. More than one fungus may be associated, and this helps in bioremediation of pollutant heavy metals. Their association with plants is as old as the evolution of angiosperms millions of years back.