Prosopis juliflora: Phytochemical, Toxicological, and Allelochemicals

Abstract

Prosopis juliflora (Fabaceae), which is also known as mesquite, is particularly invasive in exotic environments and has become one of the world’s 100 most invasive species that is globally distributed. This scenario is mainly due to the allelochemicals released by its roots, leaves, and fruits that inhibit seed germination of neighboring species. Therefore, ecosystem-level changes create monospecific stands and impair the chemistry and biophysical properties of soil. The metabolites from Prosopis juliflora with allelopathic properties result from two major biosynthetic pathways: shikimic acid metabolites and piperidine alkaloids. Several Prosopis species have substantial impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and local and regional economies in their native terrain; others provide multiple benefits to local communities. Overall, P. juliflora has demonstrated to be a versatile raw material, widely applicable in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and renewable energy industries, providing progress in several fields of science and technology.