Interaction between pilocarpine and ripasudil on intraocular pressure, pupil diameter, and the aqueous-outflow pathway

Abstract

PURPOSE. To explore interactions between pilocarpine and the ROCK inhibitor, ripasudil, on IOP and pupil diameter in human eyes, and morphological and functional changes in outflow tissues in vitro. METHODS. IOP and pupil diameter were measured after pilocarpine and/or ripasudil, which were topically applied in healthy subjects. Human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells were used in a gel contraction assay, for the evaluation of phosphorylation of myosin light chain and cofilin, and immunostaining for cytoskeletal proteins. Porcine ciliary muscle (CM) was used in a CM contraction assay. The permeability of human Schlemm’s canal endothelial (SCE) cells was evaluated by measuring transendothelial electrical resistance and fluorescein permeability. RESULTS. Both pilocarpine and ripasudil significantly reduced IOP in human eyes, but pilocarpine interfered with ripasudil-induced IOP reduction when concomitantly introduced. Ripasudil significantly inhibited gel contraction, TGFβ2-induced stress fiber formation, α-smooth muscle actin expression, and phosphorylation of both myosin light chain and cofilin in HTM cells. Pilocarpine reduced these effects, significantly inhibited the ripasudil-induced HTM cell responses to TGFβ2 stimulation, and increased the permeability in SCE cells. In CM, ripasudil inhibited pilocarpine-stimulated contraction, but ripasudil did not have significant effects on pilocarpine-induced miosis. CONCLUSIONS. Pilocarpine interfered with the direct effects of ROCK inhibitor on the conventional outflow pathway leading to IOP reduction and cytoskeletal changes in trabecular meshwork cells, but did not affect the relaxation effect of the ROCK inhibitor. It is therefore necessary to consider possible interference between these two drugs, which both affect the conventional outflow.