The immunological defences of vertebrates are based on two systems, the innate [non specific] and the adaptive [specific ]. The innate uses largely monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, NK [natural killer] and mast cells, with complement and acute phase proteins as humoral effectors. This is integrated with the adaptive system which employs the MHC controlled T and B lymphocytes and humoral antibodies. The innate is more primitive but both had evolved at least 220 million years ago [mya]. Vertebrate matrotrophic viviparity, based on internal fertilisation, retention of an allogeneic conceptus, and the development of a placenta in the uterus evolved 150--100 mya and was therefore always constrained by immunological considerations (Sacks et al. 1999; Parham 2004). These include the need for local tolerance in the uterus but maintenance of a normal level of systemic immunological surveillance.
CITATION STYLE
Wooding, P., & Burton, G. (2008). Placental Immunology, Viviparity, Evolution. In Comparative Placentation (pp. 231–244). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78797-6_9
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