Under the assumption that the Polynomial-Time Hierarchy does not collapse we show that a regular language L determines NP as an unbalanced polynomial-time leaf language if and only if L is existentially but not quantificifree definable in FO[
CITATION STYLE
Bordiert, B., Kuske, D., & Stephan, F. (1998). On existentially first-order definable languages and their relation to NP. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) (Vol. 1443 LNCS, pp. 17–28). https://doi.org/10.1007/bfb0055037
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