Chromoendoscopy

Abstract

Gastrointestinal cancers represent the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The detection, diagnosis, and treatment of precursor and early gastrointestinal cancers are critical for improvements in morbidity and mortality. Often subtle in appearance, these pre- and early cancers can pose a challenge to endoscopic visualization with white light. Image enhancement using chromoendoscopy, through the application of dye solutions, has been shown to facilitate visualization to improve endoscopic localization, characterization, and therapy. In this review, we will focus on the techniques and tools of chromoendoscopy available in the United States including Lugol’s solution for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, and indigo carmine and methylene blue for high-risk surveillance populations such as Barrett’s esophagus, inflammatory bowel disease, and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome.