Citizenship and Immigration : borders, migration and political membership in a global age

Abstract

This work offers a timely philosophical analysis of interrelated normative questions concerning immigration and citizenship in relation to the global context of multiple nation states. In it, philosophers and scholars from the social sciences address both fundamental questions in moral and political philosophy as well as specific issues concerning policy. Topics covered in this volume include: the concept and the role of citizenship, the equal rights and representation of citizens, general moral frameworks for addressing immigration issues, the duty to obey immigration law, the use of ethnic, cultural, or linguistic criteria for selective immigration, domestic violence as grounds for political asylum, and our duty to refugees in general. The urgency of the need to discuss these matters is clear. Several humanitarian crises involving human migration across national boundaries stemming from war, economic devastations, gang violence, and violence in ethnic or religious conflicts have unfolded. Political debates concerning immigration and immigrant communities are continuing in many countries, especially during election years. While there have always been migrating human beings, they raise distinctive issues in the modern era because of the political context under which the migrations take place, namely, that of a system of sovereign nation states with rights to control their borders and determine their memberships. This collection provides readers the opportunity to parse these complex issues with the help of diverse philosophical, moral, and political perspectives. Author Bios; Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 National Rights to Self-Determination; 1.2 Humanitarian Duties to Include; 1.3 Organization and Content of This Volume; 1.3.1 What Is a Citizen?; 1.3.2 Rights of Citizenship; 1.3.3 Moral Duties to Immigrants; 1.3.4 Ethics of Exclusion; 1.3.5 Asylum Seekers and Refugees; Reference; Part I: Conceptions of Citizenship; Chapter 2: National Citizenship and Civil Marriage: Ascriptive and Consensual Models; 2.1 Ascriptive and Consensual Citizenship; 2.2 Marriage as an Instrument of Self-Definition and Self-Rule; 2.3 Enthusiasts and Skeptics. 2.4 ConclusionReferences; Chapter 3: Citizens as Artifacts; 3.1 A Citizen Is an Artifact; 3.2 A Citizen as a Set of Legal Relations; 3.3 Which Legal Relations Are Determined by Principles; 3.4 Immigration Reform; References; Chapter 4: Cosmopolitan Citizenship; 4.1 The Case Against Cosmopolitan Citizenship; 4.2 The Moral Content of Citizenship; 4.3 Citizenship: Liberal or Republican?; 4.4 Citizenship: Actual and Aspirational; 4.5 Can Citizenship Be Cosmopolitan?; 4.6 We Are All Cosmopolitan Citizens; References; Chapter 5: The Expansion of Kant's Republicanism with Active Citizenship. 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Civil Constitution in Every State Shall Be Republican; 5.3 Friedrich Schlegel's Criticism of Kant's Republicanism; 5.4 Responses to Schlegel's Criticism; 5.5 The Expansion of Kant's Republicanism with Active Citizenship; References; Chapter 6: Public Interests and the Duty of Food Citizenship; 6.1 What Are Citizens?; 6.2 Why Food Choices?; 6.3 Do We, as Good Food Citizens, Have a Responsibility to Purchase Locally Produced Foods?; 6.4 Why Is Local Thought to Be Morally Better?; 6.5 Beyond Food Purchases-What Food Citizenship Demands?; 6.6 Summary; References. Part II: Citizenship and Equal RightsChapter 7: Equal Citizenship and Religious Liberty: An Irresolvable Tension?; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Potential Harms of Religious Accommodation: Burden Shifting and Arbitrary Authority; 7.3 The "Shadow Establishment" and the Analogy to Racial Discrimination; 7.4 Conclusion; References; Chapter 8: Who Else Should Vote in Local Decision-ƯMaking? Enfranchising Part Time Residents and Non-citizens; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Citizenship, Residency, and Expectations for Voting; 8.2.1 Ballot Access; 8.2.2 Citizenship and Voting Expectations; 8.3 Residency. 8.4 Crossing National Borders and the Vote: The Interplay of Citizenship, Residency, and Representation8.5 Recommendations; 8.6 Conclusion; References; Part III: Moral Frameworks for Immigration Issues; Chapter 9: John Locke on Naturalization and Natural Law: Community and Property in the State of Nature; 9.1 Locke's Argument for a General Naturalization ; 9.2 The State of Nature; 9.3 Natural Communities; 9.4 The Problem of Multiple Natural Communities; 9.5 A Solution: Locke's Second Law of Nature; 9.6 Implications for Immigration Policy of Independent States.