Degradation of coastal ecosystems: Causes, impacts and mitigation efforts

Abstract

Coastal ecosystems are important for fisheries as fish nurseries and provide people with food security as well as livelihood opportunities. These areas, which include mangrove forests, coral reefs, and submerged aquatic vegetation beds, may be degraded by natural and anthropogenic events. Rich in species, coastal ecosystems are essential in storing and cycling nutrients, protecting shorelines, and filtering pollutants. The degradation of coastal ecosystems imperils species that rely on this habitat. Natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, climate fluctuations, and flooding cause ecosystem degradation. Coastal ecosystems have been exploited for development, recreation, and industry, worldwide. Over population, pollution, destruction of mangroves and coral reef for development, and overfishing degrade their health. Recent research has provided managers with a better understanding to plan and execute restoration projects. Marine protected areas have demonstrated the importance of monitoring restorations and recovery.