Silicon-based image sensors

Abstract

Silicon image sensors are the dominant detector type used at visible wavelengths for astronomy. The primary charge-coupled-device (CCD) sensor is described with architecture, performance levels, and applications illustrated. CMOS silicon sensors are also discussed, with examples given of application areas. Most astronomical sensors require high quantum efficiency and low readout noise, and techniques to achieve these are presented. Silicon sensors are discussed for applications covering the x-ray through visible to near-infrared wavelengths. The special requirements of packaging for cryogenic use, close butting, and focal plane mosaic assemblies are also illustrated.