The origins of lightning are determined through a thunderstorm electricity model (Takahashi, 1984) with inclusion of a discharge process. Lightning origins are found to vary greatly with microphysical parameters. The calculations successfully simulate the following: the initial appearance of lightning at the cloud top followed by low level lightning; two layers of origin in maritime thunderstorm lightning as opposed to only one layer of origin in continental thunderstorms; the maintenance of a negative charge source at -10°C; and shallow level lightning due to interactions between the main cloud cell and the induced second cloud cell in maritime thunderstorms.
CITATION STYLE
Takahashi, T. (1987). Determination of lightning origins in a thunderstorm model. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 65(5), 777–794. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.65.5_777
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