Does the sex of the preterm baby affect respiratory outcomes?

Abstract

Being born very preterm is associated with later deficits in lung function and an increased rate of respiratory symptoms compared with term-born children. The rates of early respiratory infections are higher in very preterm-born subjects, which may independently lead to deficits in lung function in later life. As with very preterm-born children, deficits in lung function, increased respiratory symptoms and an increased risk of respiratory infections in early life are observed in late preterm-born children. However, the rates of respiratory symptoms are lower compared with very preterm-born children. There is some evidence to suggest that respiratory outcomes may be improving over time, although not all the evidence suggests improvements. Male sex appears to increase the risk for later adverse respiratory illness. Although not all studies report that males have worse long-term respiratory outcomes than females. It is essential that preterm-born infants are followed up into childhood and beyond, and that appropriate treatment for any lung function deficits and respiratory symptoms is prescribed if necessary. If these very preterm-born infants progress to develop chronic obstructive airway disease in later life then the impact, not only on the individuals, but also the economic impact on healthcare services, is immense.