The ILC codification project on the “protection of persons in the event of disasters”

Abstract

Disasters frequently occur in all regions of the world and affect large numbers of individuals. They may have a disruptive impact on people, infrastructure and economies. Disasters in times of peace or war endanger life, health, and the physical integrity of human beings. They have disproportional consequences in vulnerable poorer societies because they deepen their poverty. In 2006, the UN counted 227 natural disasters resulting in over 23,000 deaths worldwide. The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was one of the worst disasters of the last century. It manifested the shortcomings of the international reaction concerning international protection of persons in critical situations. Disasters like cyclone Nargis that struck Myanmar in 2008 or the earthquake in Haiti in 2010 exposed a range of problems relating to domestic and international response. The legal dimension depends on the severity of the humanitarian crises that the disaster has caused. However, there is no international consensus "on how great a catastrophe has to be in order to be considered a disaster for legal purposes, nor is there any agreement on what criteria should be used to measure its scale" (Focarelli 2013, para. 7). This has important consequences because the question arises whether there is an obligation or entitlement for the international community to have access to the victims and to offer or even enforce humanitarian assistance. Some authors argue that humanitarian assistance is "nowadays … a necessary element to reach, in the words of the UN Secretary General, ‘Global Peace’, which requires the solution of social, economic, cultural and humanitarian problems. Therefore, any obstacle to the delivery of aid is correctly considered a danger to international peace and security" (Giuffrida 2013, p. 294).