Hypertension in childhood obesity

Abstract

Aim: The prevalence of childhood hypertension is rising in parallel with global increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. We looked at key papers and documents covering three decades. Methods: This mini review examined a wide range of material published in English, with the main focus on 1993–2018, including clinical trials, meta-analyses, guidelines and data produced by the World Health Organization and the World Obesity Federation. Results: The literature showed that body weight and blood pressure are closely correlated and obesity-related hypertension contributes further to the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in obesity. Because the duration of hypertension affects the risk of end-organ damage, timely diagnosis and initiation of treatment are important. First-line interventions should aim for blood pressure control and weight reduction. However, lifestyle modifications are often not successful with regard to attaining and maintaining long-term blood pressure and weight control, despite a multidisciplinary approach. Antihypertensive treatment is recommended for all hypertensive children with failure of nonpharmacological treatment, diabetes, secondary hypertension, stage 2 hypertension or target organ damage. Conclusion: We found that obesity-related hypertension was associated with a significantly increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and early diagnosis and treatment for blood pressure control and weight reduction is essential.