Mass wasting processes - Offshore Sumatra

Abstract

Earthquakes are a commonly cited mechanism for triggering submarine landslides that have the potential to generate locally damaging tsunamis. With measured runups of over 35 metres in northern Sumatra from the December 26th 2004 tsunami source, these runups might be expected to be due, in part, to local submarine landslides. Mapping of the convergent margin offshore of Sumatra using swath bathymetry, single channel seismic and seabed photography reveals that seabed failures are common, but mainly small-scale, and composed of blocky debris avalanches and sediment flows. These failures would have contributed little to local tsunami runups. Large landslides are usually formed where there is significant sediment input. In the instance of Sumatra, most sediment is derived from the oceanic plate, and there is little sediment entering the system from the adjacent land areas. Input from the oceanic source is limited because of the diversion of sediment entering the subduction system off of Sumatra, that is attributed to collision between the Ninetyeast ridge and the Sunda Trench at approximately 1.5 million years ago.