Micro and nanotechnologies for tissue engineering

Abstract

Nanotechnology has enabled the creation of novel structures or devices with organization and structure at the molecular and atomic scale. Nano-dimensions impart distinctive properties compared to micron sized materials. In this chapter, we will review techniques for creation of micron and nanometer features on 2D substrates and 3D nanomaterials which have been used in tissue engineering applications. In the first half, we will review the latest advances in custom designed micro-and nano-substrates to enhance the phenotypic expressions of cells and mechanisms behind changes in cell behaviors. In the second half, we will focus on nanomaterials and discuss recent developments in both design and applications for tissue engineering and mechanisms behind cellular interactions with nanomaterials. In addition, an examination of the effects of nanomaterials on biocompatibility and cytotoxicity will be presented. Specific applications of nanomaterials in tissue engineering of connective, neural, muscular and boney tissue will also be examined. © 2011 Springer-Verlag/Wien.