Delirium

Abstract

Delirium, also known as acute confusional state is a cognitive impairment defined by acute onset and fluctuating course, disturbance of consciousness, attention, orientation, memory, thought, perception and behavior. It is an increasingly common condition among hospitalized patients and more frequent in, elderly and debilitated patients. It is a medical emergency, already proven higher death rates, longer hospitalization and higher rates of institutionalization due the occurrence of delirium. The pathophysiologic mechanism is not yet well established, with the change in neurotransmission most probably involved. Management of patients should include identification of risk factors and precipitants, with appropriate interventions aimed at each resolution. It is presented by altered level of consciousness, attention deficit and other disorders of cognition, which may present as hyperactive, hypoactive, or mixed. Although well defined, several times delirium goes unrecognized by health professionals. The main measure in addressing delirium is prevention, with institutional measures required as well as training of health professionals. Non-pharmacological treatment consists of measures to prevent the factors responsible for the development of delirium, and is the first option in the initial approach. Pharmacological treatment is reserved for patients with major upheaval, with the risk of physical trauma, and presenting no response to non-pharmacological measures. For the frequency and importance as a prognostic factor, delirium should be approached systematically, with flowcharting care and defining standardized measures for each institution.