Study of the distribution of heavy metals in the atmosphere of the Guanajuato city: use of saxicolous lichen species as bioindicators

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Abstract

(V), (91.23 μg g−1 ) for copper (Cu), respectively, and Aspicilia sp (612.91μg g−1 ) for lead (Pb), (72.24 μg g−1 ) for zinc (Zn), (56.25 μg g−1 ) for vanadium (V), (18.24 μg g−1 ) for copper (Cu). The statistical significance of between Co-V, Ni- Cr, Ni-Co, Sn-Zn, Co-Cr, Zn-Th, Sn-Th and Co-Zn concentrations confirmed anthropogenic sources mainly due to emissions from vehicular traffic, fossil fuel combustion correlations, solid waste disposal and other local anthropo- Study of the diStribution of heavy MetalS in the atMoSphere of the Guanajuato City: uSe of SaxiColouS liChen SpeCieS aS bioindiCatorS genic activities. Pollution indices were additionally calculated by heavy metals concentrations in order to use lichens in Guanajuato city as bioindicators of air pollution. The concentration of these metals was observed to be in higher range as maximum values of Pb, Zn, V, and Cu reported from the lichen samples for the suburban and urban zones in Guanajuato city. The accumulations of Ni and Cr from both zones are similar in concentration. The contamination factors or the pollution index factor and the pollution load index criteria revealed high levels of Be, Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, and Th in Caloplaca species and Aspicilia sp., while Xanthoparmelia species show higher values only in Be, Sb and Pb. The results revealed that the most sensitive lichens were Aspicilia sp., with the highest levels of Pb. The results obtai- ned reveal important contributions towards understanding of heavy metal deposition patterns and provide baseline data that can be used for potential identification of areas at risk from atmospheric heavy metals contamination in the region. The use of saxicolous lichens provide a cost–effective approach for monitoring regional atmospheric heavy metal contamination and may be effectively used in large scale air pollution monitoring programmer. Keywords: lichens, heavy metal pollution, indicator, Guanajuato city. Resumen En este estudio se analizaron la concentraciones de algunos metales pesados encontrados en la atmosfera de la ciudad de Guana- juato, empleando para ello, especies de líquenes saxícolas (Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale, Xanthoparmelia tasmanica (Hook. f. & Taylor) Hale, Caloplaca aff. brouardii (B.deLesd.) Zahlbr, Caloplaca aff. ludificans Arup, and Aspicilia sp) recolecta- dos en tres zonas (rural, suburbana y urbana) a lo largo de los meses octubre-noviembre de 2012, abril, julio y octubre de 2013, así como enero de 2014. Las muestras de líquenes se analizaron usando la técnica de espectrometría de masas de plasma acop- lado inductivamente. La concentración de metales pesados en las muestras de los líquenes de la especie de Xanthoparmelia van de (96.21 μg g−1 ) para plomo (Pb), (95.10 μg g−1 ) para zinc (Zn), (58.40 μg g−1 ) para vanadio (V), (105.15 μg g−1 ) para Cromo (Cr) y (48.93 μg g−1 ) para Niquel (Ni). Caloplaca especie (92.42, μg g−1 ) para plomo (Pb), (172.97 μg g−1 ) para Zinc (Zn), (53.51 μg g−1 ) para vanadio (V), (91.23 μg g−1 ) para cobre (Cu), respectivamente, y Aspicilia sp (612.91μg g−1 ) para plomo (Pb), (72.24 μg g−1 ) para zinc (Zn), (56.25 μg g−1 ) para vanadio (V), (18.24 μg g−1 ) para cobre (Cu). La estadística entre las concentraciones de Co-V, Ni-Cr, Ni-Co, Sn-Zn, Co-Cr, Zn-Th, Sn-Th and Co-Zn confirma una fuente antropogénica, principalmente debida a las emisiones del tráfico vehicular, combustión y actividades antropogénicas locales. Los índices de contaminación se calcularon, con la finalidad de utilizar los líquenes estudiados como indicadores de calidad del aire en la ciudad de Guanajuato. Se observaron valores altos en Pb, Zn, V y Cu. La concentración de Ni y Cr en ambas zonas son similares. Los factores de contaminación o el factor de índice de la contaminación y los criterios de índice de contaminación, revelaron niveles elevados de Be, Cu, Co, Zn, Pb y Th en las especies Caloplaca y Aspicilia sp., mientras que las especies Xanthoparmelia muestran los valores más altos solo en Be, Sb y Pb. Los resultados revelaron que el liquen más sensible fue la Aspicilia sp, con los niveles más altos de Pb. Los resultados obtenidos revelan importantes contribuciones para la comprensión de los patrones de deposición de metales pesados y proporcio- nan a su vez datos de referencia que pueden utilizarse para su posible identificación de zonas de riesgo. El uso de líquenes saxí- colas ofrece un enfoque rentable para el monitoreo de la contaminación por metales pesados en la atmosfera y pueden utilizarse con eficacia en la vigilancia de la calidad del aire. Descriptores: líquenes, contaminación metales pesados, indicador, Ciudad de Guanajuato. IntroductIon In the last decades, several studies have shown that li- chens are excellent bioindicators of air pollution (Addi- son and Puckett, 1980; Farner et al., 1992; Gries, 1996; Jeran et al., 2002; Nash and Gries, 2002; Gartner Lee et al., 2006; Kinalioglu et al., 2010), mainly due to their suscep- tibility to the deposition of airborne pollutants in the form of soluble salts and particles (Nimis et al., 2002). Li- chens accumulate and retain macronutrients, trace ele- ments and metal elements to concentrations that exceed their physiological requirements, tolerating high concen- trations of toxic pollutants. The accumulation of ele- ments in lichens occurs by particulate trapping, active uptake of anions, passive absorption of cations and ion exchange Nieboer et al. (1978). According to Boonpragob et al. (1989) and Garty (2001), the residence of elements in lichens is different for macronutrients, trace elements and metals. The macronutrients are mobile and their concentrations in lichens can change seasonally, whereas trace elements and metals are less mobile and accumula- te in lichen species over time with the advantage of metal contents decreasing when air quality improves. Informa- tion about atmospheric pollutant levels in industrial and 112 IngenIería InvestIgacIón y tecnología, volumen XVIII (número 1), enero-marzo 2017: 111-126 ISSN 1405-7743 FI-UNAM

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Puy-Alquiza, M. J. … Ordaz-Zubia, V. Y. (2017). Study of the distribution of heavy metals in the atmosphere of the Guanajuato city: use of saxicolous lichen species as bioindicators. Ingeniería, Investigación y Tecnología, 18(1), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.22201/fi.25940732e.2017.18n1.010

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