Defense of one twin calf against Wolves, Canis lupus, by a female Moose, Alces alces

Abstract

Three Wolves (Canis lupuis) were observed attacking an adult cow Moose (Alces alces) with neonatal twins on the Copper River Delta, Alaska, during summer 1993. The cow successfully defended one calf from predation but the other was killed in a stream after fleeing from the cow. The cow and the remaining surviving calf moved to the stream and established a superior defensive position and both survived the Wolf attack.