Benchmarking Inter-Organizational System Architecture of Trade Facilitation in Singapore, Hong Kong, Netherlands and USA

Abstract

In the context of exporting goods, hinterland activities are as important as port activities, including preparing export documents. Moreover, congestion frequently occurs both inside and outside seaport with flow of goods and information involving several actors from business entities and government agencies whose activities are interdependent. This paper studies the benchmarking of inter-organizational system (IOS) architecture in selected countries, in order to identify trade facilitation in international trade (export) via inland container terminal as spoke. This study revealed IOS’ coordination architecture in preparing documents, custom clearance and inspections, and inland transportation and handling.