Demokrasi Brazil: Bagaimana Brazil Melewati Fase Transisi dan Konsolidasi Demokrasi?

  • Hendrawan A
  • Atmojo B
  • Pratama W
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Abstract

Abstrak  Pada tahun 2014, skor indeks demokrasi Brazil sempat menyentuh angka 7.38, tetapi kemudian terus jatuh seiring dengan krisis politik yang mendera negara terbesar di Amerika Latin tersebut. Meskipun demikian, dari segi politik dan ekonomi, Brazil masih relatif lebih mapan dibandingkan dengan negara-negara Amerika Latin lain yang dibuktikan dengan keikutsertaannya dalam grup ekonomi utama (G-20). Hal itu membuat penulis tertarik untuk menganalisis, bagaimana Brazil mampu melewati fase transisi dan membangun konsolidasi demokrasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif eksplanatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi pustaka. Fase transisi demokrasi Brazil terjadi di antara masa diktator militer (1964-1985) dan masa republik baru (tahun 1985-sekarang). Kronik transisi demokrasi Brazil tersebut relevan dengan faktor-faktor gelombang ketiga demokrastisasi yang dikemukakan oleh Huntington dan beberapa pendekatan lain. Selanjutnya, fase konsolidasi demokrasi Brazil dimulai sejak penerapan Konstitusi Baru Brazil pada tahun 1988. Penerapan Konstitusi Baru Brazil menjadi pintu masuk bagi konsolidasi demokrasi, sebab menciptakan pemerintahan yang lebih terbuka dan demokratis serta jaminan yang luas atas hak-hak dan demokratisasi. Jadi, syarat-syarat konsolidasi demokrasi seperti Pemilu yang bebas dan layak, pemerintahan yang demokratis, serta jaminan terhadap hak-hak individu dan partisipasi publik dapat terpenuhi dengan Konstitusi Baru sebagai landasan yuridisnya. Tantangan ke depan untuk menjaga konsolidasi demokrasi di Brazil adalah pembangunan ekonomi dan penguatan integritas pemerintah. Di samping itu, kebangkitan kelompok populisme sayap kanan juga perlu diwaspadai, sebab dapat berpotensi mengembalikan demokrasi Brazil pada fase otoriter. Kata kunci: Brazil, transisi demokrasi, konsolidasi demokrasi   Abstract In 2014, Brazil's democratic index score touched 7.38 but then continued to fall in line with political crisis that plagued the largest country in Latin America. However, in terms of politics and economics, Brazil is still relatively more established compared to other Latin American countries as evidenced by its participation in the main economic groups (G-20). That makes writer interested in analyzing how Brazil can go through a transition phase and build democratic consolidation. This research uses an explanative qualitative approach with data collection techniques through a literature study. Brazil's transition phase of democracy took place between the military dictatorship period (1964-1985) and the new republic era (1985-present). The chronicle of Brazil's democratic transition is relevant to the factors of third wave of democratization put forward by Huntington and several other approaches. Furthermore, consolidation phase of Brazil's democracy began since adoption of the Brazilian New Constitution in 1988. The application of the Brazilian New Constitution became an entry point for democratic consolidation because it created a more open and democratic government and broad guarantees of rights and democratization. Thus, the conditions for democratic consolidation such as free and proper elections, democratic governance, and guarantees of individual rights and public participation can be fulfilled with New Constitution as a juridical basis. The challenges ahead for maintaining democratic consolidation in Brazil are economic development and strengthening the integrity of government. Besides, rise of right-wing populism also needs to be watched out, because it could potentially restore Brazil's democracy to an authoritarian phase. Keywords: Brazil, democratic transition, democratic consolidation

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APA

Hendrawan, A., Atmojo, B. T., & Pratama, W. R. (2020). Demokrasi Brazil: Bagaimana Brazil Melewati Fase Transisi dan Konsolidasi Demokrasi? Insignia: Journal of International Relations, 7(2), 122. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2020.7.2.2584

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