Identification and Characterization of Physiological Pairing of E2 Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes and E3 Ubiquitin Ligases

Abstract

The posttranslational attachment of the small protein modifier ubiquitin (Ub) is best known for its function in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. However, ubiquitination also serves as a signal determining protein localization, activity, and interaction. Ubiquitination requires the sequential activity of E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme (UBA), E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBC), and E3 ubiquitin ligase. Recognition of a target protein by an Ub-E2-E3 complex can result in its mono-ubiquitination (attachment of a single Ub moiety) or poly-ubiquitination, i.e., attachment of Ub chains. While the E3 ligase is important for the reaction specificity, the E2s catalyze the attachment of Ub to the target and to Ub itself to generate chains. In Arabidopsis thaliana, there are two E1s, 37 UBCs (and two ubiquitin-like conjugating enzymes) and more than 1400 E3 ligases, working in a combinatorial way. Therefore, in order to understand E3 ligase function, it is important to frame it within its possible E2s interactors. In this chapter, we propose a two-step identification and characterization of physiological E2–E3 pairs. In a first step, in vivo interacting E2s are identified through bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) using transient expression in Arabidopsis protoplast. In the second step, the activity of E2–E3 pairs is analyzed by a synthetic biology approach in which autoubiquitination is reconstituted in bacteria.