Chronic and end-stage renal disease and indications for renal transplantation

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the United States, diabetes and hypertension remain the most common causes of CKD. Complications of advanced stages of CKD include anemia, chronic metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalances, volume overload, hypertension, and mineral bone disease. A disproportionate amount of healthcare expenditure is spent on the care of patients with CKD. Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and leads to better health (quality and quantity of life) and cost-effective outcomes compared to dialysis. Nonetheless, kidney transplantation is an elective procedure with both short-and long-term risks and complications. The evaluation process requires the efforts of a multidisciplinary team to ensure selected patients are appropriate candidates.