Physical models

Abstract

Physical models are important components of several procedure specific skills acquisition simulations. With a huge impact of three dimensional (3D) printing technology, bench top or synthetic models are converted into the 3D printed ones. Additional advantages like being patient-specific and usage of real instruments, supports portable and reusable physical models especially with the high fidelity for procedural simulations and difficult cases in Urological surgical training. Newer simulation modalities such as augmented reality (AR) and 3D bio-printing of physical models are also rapidly gaining popularity. In near future hybrid educational curriculum will help to enhance operating-room experience and reduce many of its associated challenges.